Imperialism refers to the period of European exploration and territorial expansion starting in the 16th century and peaking in the 19th century. Due to advances in shipbuilding and navigation technology, and enlightenment ideals, many European countries began exploring and traveling by sea. The accumulation of wealth through trade played a particular role in the beginning of imperialist ventures.

Previously, Arab traders held a monopoly on overland trade of products from the East such as tea, spices and silk. Europeans therefore began traveling by sea in order to establish their own trade links in China, India and the Middle East and eliminate Arab middlemen. This naturally led to territorial competition and the establishment of colonies to consolidate economic and state power.

The colonial era ended in the early 20th century as a result of the two World Wars and due to a shift in international attitudes. Throughout the 20th century, previously dependent territories have been regaining their national sovereignty.